Martindale W. Martindale the Extra Pharmacopoeia. Pharmaceutical Press, 1999.
Gennaro A. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 19th ed. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.
Ostlund RE Jr, Spilburg CA, Stenson WF. Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:826-31.
Domino EF, May WW, Demetriou S, et al. Lack of clinically significant improvement of patients with tardive dyskinesia following phosphatidylcholine therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1189-96.
Hebel SK, ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 52nd ed. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 1998.
Wade A, Weller PJ, eds. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Am Pharmaceutical Assn, 1994.
Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-70.
Harris CM, Dysken MW, Fovall P, Davis JM. Effect of lecithin on memory in normal adults. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1010-2.
Simons LA, Hickie JB, Ruys J. Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with oral lecithin. Aust N Z J Med 1977;7:262-6.
Oosthuizen W, Vorster HH, Vermaak WJ, et al. Lecithin has no effect on serum lipoprotein, plasma fibrinogen and macro molecular protein complex levels in hyperlipidaemic men in a double-blind controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:419-24.
Brinkman SD, Smith RC, Meyer JS, et al. Lecithin and memory training in suspected Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol 1982;37:4-9.
Pomara N, Domino EF, Yoon H, et al. Failure of single-dose lecithin to alter aspects of central cholinergic activity in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 1983;44:293-5.
Etienne P, Dastoor D, Gauthier S, et al. Alzheimer disease: lack of effect of lecithin treatment for 3 months. Neurol 1981;31:1552-4.
Facts and Comparisons, loose leaf edition. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
Holan KR, Holzbach RT, Hsieh JY, et al. Effect of oral administration of essential phospholipid, beta-glycerophosphate, and linoleic acid on biliary lipids in patients with cholelithiasis. Digestion 1979;19:251-8.
Maltby N, Broe GA, Creasey H, et al. Efficacy of tacrine and lecithin in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: double-blind trial. BMJ 1994;308:879-83.
Jenkins PJ, Portmann BP, Eddleston AL, Williams R. Use of polyunsaturated phosphatidyl choline in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis: results of prospective double-blind controlled trial. Liver 1982;2:77-81.
Guan R, Ho KY, Kang JY, et al. The effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidyl choline in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9:699-703.
Ladd SL, Sommer SA, LaBerge S, Toscano W. Effect of phosphatidylcholine on explicit memory. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993;16:540-9.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: https://books.nap.edu/books/0309065542/html/.
Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;4:CD001015.
Spilburg CA, Goldberg AC, McGill JB, et al. Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:577-81.
Buchman AL, Awal M, Jenden D, et al. The effect of lecithin supplementation on plasma choline concentrations during a marathon. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:768-70.
Chatellier G, Lacomblez L. Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and lecithin in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multicentre trial. Groupe Francais d'Etude de la Tetrahydroaminoacridine. BMJ 1990;300:495-9.
Evans M, Njike VY, Hoxley M, et al. Effect of soy isoflavone protein and soy lecithin on endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 2007;14:141-9.
Andrioli G, Carletto A, Guarini P, et al. Differential effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil or soy lecithin on human platelet adhesion. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1522-7.
Gelenberg AJ, Dorer DJ, Wojcik JD, et al. A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:149-53.
Fitten LJ, Perryman KM, Gross PL, et al. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with short- and long-term oral THA and lecithin: a double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:239-42.
Volavka J, O'Donnell J, Muragali R,et al. Lithium and lecithin in tardive dyskinesia: an update. Psychiatry Res 1986;19:101-4.
Heyman A, Schmechel D, Wilkinson W, et al. Failure of long term high-dose lecithin to retard progression of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 1987;24:279-86.
Growdon JH, Corkin S, Huff FJ, et al. Piracetam combined with lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1986;7:269-76.
Kapen S, Fleming PD, Drachman DA. Cholinergic enhancement and REM sleep latency in the aged: lecithin does not reproduce physostigmine effect. Neurology 1986;36:1079-83.
Jenike MA, Albert MS, Heller H, et al. Combination therapy with lecithin and ergoloid mesylates for Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:249-51.
Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:736-42.
Cohen BM, Lipinski JF, Altesman RI. Lecithin in the treatment of mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1162-4.
Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD001015.
Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, et al. Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins. Allergy 1999;54:1116-7.
Goldberg AC, Ostlund RE, Bateman JH, et al. Effect of plant stanol tablets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering in patients on statin drugs.Am J Cardiol. 2-1-2006;97:376-79.
Drachman DA, Glosser G, Fleming P, et al. Memory decline in the aged: treatment with lecithin and physostigmine. Neurology 1982;32:944-50.
Levin HS, Peters BH, Kalisky Z, et al. Effects of oral physostigmine and lecithin on memory and attention in closed head-injured patients. Cent.Nerv.Syst.Trauma 1986;3:333-42.
Fisman M, Merskey H, Helmes E, et al. Double blind study of lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Can.J Psychiatry 1981;26:426-28.
Melancon SB, Vanasse M, Geoffroy G, et al. Oral lecithin and linoleic acid in Friedreich's ataxia: II. Clinical results. Can.J Neurol.Sci 1982;9:155-64.
Tweedy JR and Garcia CA. Lecithin treatment of cognitively impaired Parkinson's patients. Eur J Clin Invest 1982;12:87-90.
Hellhammer J, Fries E, Buss C, et al. Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex (PAS) on the endocrine and psychological responses to mental stress. Stress. 2004;7:119-26.
Conte A, Ronca G, Petrini M, et al. Effect of lecithin on epicutaneous absorption of diclofenac epolamine. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2002;28:249-55.
Fioravanti A, Cicero MR, Nerucci F, et al. Double-blind controlled clinical study of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine lecithin gel compared with diclofenac-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine gel in patients with peri and extraarticular inflammatory diseases. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1999;25:235-40.
Mahler P, Mahler F, Duruz H, et al. Double-blind, randomized, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of a novel diclofenac epolamine gel formulated with lecithin for the treatment of sprains, strains and contusions. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2003;29:45-52.
Gremaud G, Dalan E, Piguet C, et al. Effects of non-esterified stanols in a liquid emulsion on cholesterol absorption and synthesis in hypercholesterolemic men. Eur J Nutr 2002;41:54-60.
Barbeau, A. Emerging treatments: replacement therapy with choline or lecithin in neurological diseases. Can.J.Neurol.Sci. 1978;5(1):157-160.
Branconnier, R. J., Dessain, E. C., Cole, J. O., and McNiff-Langille, M. E. An analysis of dose-response of plasma choline to oral lecithin. Biol.Psychiatry 1984;19(5):765-770.
Wurtman, R. J., Hirsch, M. J., and Growdon, J. H. Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels. Lancet 7-9-1977;2(8028):68-69.
Chuaqui, P. and Levy, R. Fluctuations of free choline levels in plasma of Alzheimer patients receiving lecithin: preliminary observations. Br.J.Psychiatry 1982;140:464-469.
von Allworden, H. N., Horn, S., Kahl, J., and Feldheim, W. The influence of lecithin on plasma choline concentrations in triathletes and adolescent runners during exercise. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol Occup.Physiol 1993;67(1):87-91.
Stoll, A. L., Sachs, G. S., Cohen, B. M., Lafer, B., Christensen, J. D., and Renshaw, P. F. Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients. Biol.Psychiatry 9-1-1996;40(5):382-388.
Benton, D. and Donohoe, R. T. The influence on cognition of the interactions between lecithin, carnitine and carbohydrate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;175(1):84-91.
Zhang, A. Q., Mitchell, S. C., and Smith, R. L. Dietary precursors of trimethylamine in man: a pilot study. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1999;37(5):515-520.
Barbeau, A. Lecithin in neurologic disorders. N.Engl.J Med 7-27-1978;299(4):200-201.
Volz, H. P., Hehnke, U., and Hauke, W. [Improvement in quality of life in the elderly. Results of a placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and tolerability of lecithin fluid in patients with impaired cognitive functions]. MMW Fortschr Med 12-9-2004;146(Suppl 3-4):99-106.
Uney, J. B., Jones, G. M., Rebeiro, A., and Levy, R. The effect of long-term high dose lecithin on erythrocyte choline transport in Alzheimer patients. Biol.Psychiatry 3-15-1992;31(6):630-633.
Crapper McLachlan, D. R., Dalton, A. J., Kruck, T. P., Bell, M. Y., Smith, W. L., Kalow, W., and Andrews, D. F. Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 6-1-1991;337(8753):1304-1308.
Perryman, K. M. and Fitten, L. J. Quantitative EEG during a double-blind trial of THA and lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;4(3):127-133.
Tudorache, B., Lupulescu, R., Dutan, I., and Sarbulescu, A. Assessment of various psychopharmacological combinations in the treatment of presenile and senile primary degenerative dementia. Rom.J Neurol.Psychiatry 1990;28(4):277-294.
Gauthier, S., Bouchard, R., Lamontagne, A., Bailey, P., Bergman, H., Ratner, J., Tesfaye, Y., Saint-Martin, M., Bacher, Y., Carrier, L., and . Tetrahydroaminoacridine-lecithin combination treatment in patients with intermediate-stage Alzheimer's disease. Results of a Canadian double-blind, crossover, multicenter study. N Engl.J Med 5-3-1990;322(18):1272-1276.
Lieber, C. S., DeCarli, L. M., Mak, K. M., Kim, C. I., and Leo, M. A. Attenuation of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by polyunsaturated lecithin. Hepatology 1990;12(6):1390-1398.
Vida, S., Gauthier, L., and Gauthier, S. Canadian collaborative study of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and lecithin treatment of Alzheimer's disease: effect on mood. Can.J Psychiatry 1989;34(3):165-170.
Gauthier, S., Bouchard, R., Bacher, Y., Bailey, P., Bergman, H., Carrier, L., Charbonneau, R., Clarfield, M., Collier, B., Dastoor, D., and . Progress report on the Canadian Multicentre Trial of tetrahydroaminoacridine with lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. Can.J Neurol.Sci 1989;16(4 Suppl):543-546.
Sorgatz, H. [Effect of lecithin on health status and concentration. Placebo-controlled double-blind study in healthy probands]. Fortschr Med 4-10-1988;106(11):233-236.
Bellelli, A., Giomini, M., Giuliani, A. M., Giustini, M., Lorenzon, I., Rusconi, V., Sezzi, M. L., Trotta, E., and Belleli, L. Antitumor effect and cardiotoxicity of a doxorubicin-lecithin association. Anticancer Res 1988;8(1):177-186.
Kushnir, S. L., Ratner, J. T., and Gregoire, P. A. Multiple nutrients in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr.Soc 1987;35(5):476-477.
Duffy, F. H., McAnulty, G., Albert, M., Durwen, H., and Weintraub, S. Lecithin: absence of neurophysiologic effect in Alzheimer's disease by EEG topography. Neurology 1987;37(6):1015-1019.
Gelenberg, A. J., Doller-Wojcik, J. C., and Growdon, J. H. Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136(6):772-776.
Davidson, M., Mohs, R. C., Hollander, E., Zemishlany, Z., Powchik, P., Ryan, T., and Davis, K. L. Lecithin and piracetam in Alzheimer's disease. Biol.Psychiatry 1987;22(1):112-114.
Thal, L. J., Masur, D. M., Sharpless, N. S., Fuld, P. A., and Davies, P. Acute and chronic effects of oral physostigmine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatry 1986;10(3-5):627-636.
Sannita, W. G., Balestra, V., Rosadini, G., Salama, M., and Timitilli, C. Quantitative EEG and neuropsychological effects of piracetam and of the association piracetam-lecithin in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychobiology 1985;14(4):203-209.
Jackson, I. V., Nuttall, E. A., Ibe, I. O., and Perez-Cruet, J. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with lecithin. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136(11):1458-1460.
Peters, B. H. and Levin, H. S. Effects of physostigmine and lecithin on memory in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 1979;6(3):219-221.
Perez-Cruet, J., Menendez, I., Alvarez-Ghersi, J., Falcon, J. R., Valderrabano, O., Castro-Urrutia, E. C., Ifarraguerri, C., and Perez, L. L. Double-blind study of lecithin in the treatment of persistent tardive dyskinesia. Bol.Asoc.Med P.R. 1981;73(11):531-537.
Levy, R., Little, A., Chuaqui, P., and Reith, M. Early results from double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high dose phosphatidylcholine in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 4-30-1983;1(8331):987-988.
Halliday, H. L., McClure, G., Reid, M. M., Lappin, T. R., Meban, C., and Thomas, P. S. Controlled trial of artificial surfactant to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 3-3-1984;1(8375):476-478.
Thal, L. J., Fuld, P. A., Masur, D. M., and Sharpless, N. S. Oral physostigmine and lecithin improve memory in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 1983;13(5):491-496.
Weintraub, S., Mesulan, M. M., Auty, R., Baratz, R., Cholakos, B. N., Kapust, L., Ransil, B., Tellers, J. G., Albert, M. S., LoCastro, S., and Moss, M. Lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 1983;40(8):527-528.
Smith, R. C., Vroulis, G., Johnson, R., and Morgan, R. Comparison of therapeutic response to long-term treatment with lecithin versus piracetam plus lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol.Bull. 1984;20(3):542-545.
Growdon, J. H., Wheeler, S., and Graham, H. N. Plasma choline responses to lecithin-enriched soup. Psychopharmacol.Bull 1984;20(3):603-606.
Levin, H. S. and Peters, B. H. Long-term administration of oral physostigmine and lecithin improve memory in Alzheimer's disease. Ann.Neurol. 1984;15(2):210.
Pentland, B., Martyn, C. N., Steer, C. R., and Christie, J. E. Lecithin treatment in Friedreich's ataxia. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 4-11-1981;282(6271):1197-1198.
Dysken, M. W., Fovall, P., Harris, C. M., Davis, J. M., and Noronha, A. Lecithin administration in Alzheimer dementia. Neurology 1982;32(10):1203-1204.
Canter, N. L., Hallett, M., and Growdon, J. H. Lecithin does not affect EEG spectral analysis or P300 in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 1982;32(11):1260-1266.
Melancon, S. B., Dallaire, L., Potier, M., Vanasse, M., Marois, P., Geoffroy, G., and Barbeau, A. Oral lecithin and linoleic acid in Friedreich's ataxia: I. Design of the study, material and methods. Can.J Neurol.Sci 1982;9(2):151-154.
Kaye, W. H., Sitaram, N., Weingartner, H., Ebert, M. H., Smallberg, S., and Gillin, J. C. Modest facilitation on memory in dementia with combined lecithin and anticholinerestase treatment. Biol.Psychiatry 1982;17(2):275-280.
Brinkman, S. D., Pomara, N., Goodnick, P. J., Barnett, N., and Domino, E. F. A dose-ranging study of lecithin in the treatment of primary degenerative dementia (Alzheimer disease). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1982;2(4):281-285.
Vroulis, G., Smith, R. C., Schoolar, J. C., Dahlen, G., Katz, E., and Misra, C. H. Reduction of cholesterol risk factors by lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139(12):1633-1634.
Vroulis, G. A., Smith, R. C., Brinkman, S., Schoolar, J., and Gordon, J. The effects of lecithin on memory in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type [proceedings]. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981;17(1):127-128.
Caine, E. D. Cholinomimetic treatment fails to improve memory disorders. N.Engl.J Med 9-4-1980;303(10):585-586.
Holford, N. H. and Peace, K. The effect of tacrine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. A population pharmacodynamic analysis of five clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994;47(1):17-23.
McLachlan, D. R., Smith, W. L., and Kruck, T. P. Desferrioxamine and Alzheimer's disease: video home behavior assessment of clinical course and measures of brain aluminum. Ther.Drug Monit. 1993;15(6):602-607.
Perryman, K. M. and Fitten, L. J. Delayed matching-to-sample performance during a double-blind trial of tacrine (THA) and lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 1993;53(6):479-486.
Foster, N. L., Petersen, R. C., Gracon, S. I., and Lewis, K. An enriched-population, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of tacrine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. The Tacrine 970-6 Study Group. Dementia 1996;7(5):260-266.
Nair, M. P., Kudchodkar, B. J., Pritchard, P. H., and Lacko, A. G. Purification of recombinant lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. Protein Expr.Purif. 1997;10(1):38-41.
Tuzhilin, S. A., Dreiling, D. A., Narodetskaja, R. V., and Lukash, L. K. The treatment of patients with gallstones by lecithin. Am J Gastroenterol. 1976;65(3):231-235.
Hallett, M., Canter, N., and Growdon, J. Neurophysiologic Parameters in Alzheimer Disease: Effect of Lecithin. Neurology 1982;32(2):a126.
Lampe, T. H., Norris, J., Risse, S. C., Owen-Williams, E., and Keenan, T. Therapeutic Potential of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Lecithin Co-administration in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurobiology of Aging 1990;11:346.
Vinarova, E. and Vinar, O. Lecithin in a Psychiatric Out-patient Clinic. Activ nerv sup (Prana) 1987;29(3):219-221.
Krag A, Munkholm P, Israelsen H, von Ryberg B, Andersen KK, Bendtsen F. Profermin is efficacious in patients with active ulcerative colitis--a randomized controlled trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(12):2584-92.
Krag A, Israelsen H, von Ryberg B, et al. Safety and efficacy of Profermin® to induce remission in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18(15):1773-80.
Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55.
Wu Y, Wang T. Soybean lecithin fractionation and functionality. JAOCS 2003;80(4):319-326.
Sourkes TL. The discovery of lecithin, the first phospholipid. Bull Hist Chem. 2004;29(1):9-15.
Kraft JN, Lynde CW. Moisturizers: what they are and a practical approach to product selection. Skin Ther Lett 2005;10(5):1-8.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 184: Direct food substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe. Subpart B - listing of specific substances affirmed as GRAS. Sec. 184.1400 Lecithin. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1400
Select a condition to view a list of vitamins
CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.
This copyrighted material is licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
Licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC
Copyright © 1995-2025 by Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. All Rights Reserved.